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Prostate cancer 2nd degree

Oncological diseases represent a large group of pathological processes developing from epithelial cells in organs and tissues of the human body. The problem of cancer is relevant in the world and the rate of mortality takes the second place after cardiovascular diseases. Common cancer is considered prostate cancer in men that arises from the secretory epithelium of the prostate, has its degree of development, the ability to metastasize and cause mortality. Based on the statistics of the who, prostate cancer is found in 7% of men after the age of 40 years and occupies the 3rd place, behind lung cancer and stomach.

Unlike other cancers, which tend to progress quickly, prostate cancer has a slow current, but early metastases. The disease can develop over several years without causing men discomfort, and only when the disease becomes advanced stages of prostate cancer, felt the first symptoms that becomes a reason for seeking medical attention.

rak predstatelnoj zhelezy Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor disease, which refers to gormonalnozavisimyh tumors developing as a result of increased level of testosterone in the blood. Testosterone is a male hormone produced by the testicles and the adrenal glands. The more testosterone produced by the body, the greater the risk of developing prostate cancer. From the amount of testosterone production depends on the growth of the tumor and its spread to other organs and body cells. At the beginning of the development of the disease cancerous cells affect only the prostate, but with further development, the tumor extends beyond the boundaries of cancer, where metastatic, gaining more serous degree of development. The probability of tumor beyond the prostate gland is fixed on the 3 – 4th stage of the disease, but sometimes prostate cancer 2 degrees also can metastasize to other organs and tissues. As the progression of cancer cells increases the risk of metastasis. The most frequently affected retroperitoneal and pelvic lymph nodes, bones, spine, pelvis, less frequently, the lungs, liver and soft tissue.

Causes of prostate cancer

Despite advances in modern Oncology, the exact cause of prostate cancer is not identified, but given the multiple studies, it was shown that prostate cancer may develop not only due to hormonal disorders, but also other predisposing factors.

1. old age;

2. genetic predisposition;

3. ecology;

4. prolonged contact with chemical or toxic substances;

5. benign prostate hypertrophy;

6. ultraviolet irradiation;

7. alcohol abuse, Smoking;

8. chronic diseases of the prostate gland;

9. improper diet;

10. race.

Stages of prostate cancer

With the spread of the cancerous cells, the size of the tumor, its activity, there are 4 stages of prostate cancer that have their clinical manifestations, especially for the localization and prediction of treatment.

  • Stage 1 – cancer cells are found on the surface of the prostate without penetrating the tissue and has not spread to other organs. This disease is capable of for many years in a latent form without causing discomfort to the man and diagnosed only at morphological examination. Cancer cells cannot be detected by rectal examination or by ultrasound examination.
  • Stage 2 – the cancer cells are within the prostate, but penetrate deeply into her tissue. The tumor is crowded cells and small nodes.To diagnose a malignant tumor can rectal examination or ultrasound diagnostics. Prostate cancer 2nd degree can occur without symptoms and be diagnosed during routine or non-routine inspection at the urologist. Also treating this stage of cancer in 80% to successfully rid of the disease and prevent its development.
  • Stage 3 – malignant tumors can have different sizes and shapes, to affect not only the prostate but also to metastasize in the shell gland and surrounding tissue. Most often affects the lymph nodes and the pelvic organs. The survival rate at 3 stages of prostate cancer is around 40%, it depends on the localization and metastasis of cancer cells, age of the patient and characteristics of his body.
  • Stage 4 – the tumor cells differenciate, invade other organs, tissues. Often affects the bones, lungs, rectum, lymph nodes and other organs of the body. The prognosis unfavorable.

In Oncology, the more commonly used international indicators for assessing extent of prostate cancer, TNM, which allow to describe the size, spread and metastasis of tumors.

  • T — tumor size;
  • N — the spread of the tumor to the lymph nodes;
  • M — the presence or absence of metastases.

In addition to the spread of tumor TNM, important is the scale and Gleason score, which are used to characterize the tumor process.

The clinical picture in prostate cancer

In the early stages of prostate cancer usually have no symptoms and appear as the growth of the tumor, which compresses the bladder, grows in other tissues and organs. The disease progresses very slowly and can take 1 or 2 stage for 10 years or more. At such early stages, when the clinic is no cancer is diagnosed using a complete examination of the pelvic organs or after the results of blood tests when PSA level is elevated, which may indicate the presence of cancer cells in the body.

The main symptoms of prostate cancer:

1. frequent and difficult urination;

2. urinary incontinence;

3. frequent urge to urinate.

4. the weakening of the discontinuity of the urine stream;

5. feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder;

6. hematuria (blood in urine);

7. pain in the suprapubic region and perineum;

8. pains in the bones;

9. swelling of the lower extremities;

10. a sharp decline in weight, lack of appetite;

11. common ailments of the body.

Prostate cancer can occur as spread of the tumor and its growth into other organs, so the patient's complaints can beat the other depending on the organ affected by metastases. It should be noted that all of the above symptoms may indicate the presence of other diseases, so only a doctor after the results of the survey will be able to diagnose and prescribe treatment.

Diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer

uzi prostatyGiven that prostate cancer in early stages has no obvious signs to diagnose the disease is possible only with preventive examinations. Identify the disease can have 2 stages of prostate cancer when Paltseva rectal examination on reception at the urologist. In the period of the examination, the doctor can identify the seal of the prostate and appoint additional examinations, such as:

1. a blood test to determine the level of PSA;

2. Ultrasound of the prostate;

3. a prostate biopsy;

4. computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

One of the main methods of laboratory examination results, which makes a final diagnosis is the biopsy to determine the stage and activity of the cancercells.

The treatment of prostate cancer is carried out depending on the stage of the disease, patient age, comorbidities and other factors, the study physician in the patient's records.

The main treatment methods of prostate cancer:

1. Radical prostatectomy;

2. Radiation therapy;

3. Cryotherapy;

4. Hormonal therapy.

Chemotherapy in prostate cancer is extremely rare and only in complex treatment with other methods. There are other methods of treatment, but successful prediction can only be observed at the initial stages of the disease. In other cases, when the cancer spread to other organs, the prognosis is poor and passed a course of treatment can only prolong the patient's life for a few years or months.

Prevention

Prevention of prostate cancer lies in periodic visits to the doctor, urologist, blood test for PSA. Special attention to their health should give men with a predisposition to a disease, also those who work in the enterprise with chemical and toxic substances. Timely diagnosis of the disease allows for the treatment and prevent its development.